Waste-to-Fuel Innovation: Impact of CuO Nanoparticles on Combustion Efficiency and Emission Control in Plastic-Derived Diesel Blends

IJEP 46(11): 1036-1044 : Vol. 46 Issue 11 (November 2026)

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M. Saravana Kumar1*, M. Prabhahar1, S. Prakash2, P. Mariappan1 and K. Mathanbharath1

1. Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Chengalpattu – 603 104, Tamil Nadu, India
2. SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai – 600 089, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract

The rapid depletion of fossil fuels, combined with growing environmental concerns, has prompted researchers to investigate alternative fuels produced from waste materials. Waste plastic oil (WPO) obtained through pyrolysis is a potential alternative to diesel. Its high viscosity, low volatility and poor combustion characteristics result in higher emissions and reduced engine performance. The present investigation examines the impact of manganese oxide (CuO) nanoparticles, used as fuel additives in WPO20 diesel blends, on combustion, performance and emissions in a compression-ignition engine. The experimental results indicate that diesel had the greatest peak CP – 67 bar and a rapid HRR due to the shorter ignition delay. WPO20 had a slightly lower peak pressure of 66.8 bar and a delayed HRR due to increased viscosity and lower volatility. The concentration of CuO nanoparticles controlled the combustion process, with WPO20CuO50 and WPO20CuO100 exhibiting lower peak CP values of 63 and 58 bar, respectively and smoother heat release. BTE increased by upto 5% with the addition of nanoparticles, whereas BSFC decreased by 8% at higher nanoparticle concentrations. Emission investigations showed significant decreases in CO, HC and smoke of upto 42%, 41% and 42%, respectively. The catalytic and oxygen-buffering processes were performed by CuO nanoparticles. Higher nanoparticle loadings contributed to higher NOx emissions, reflecting the relationship between improved combustion and thermal NOx generation. CuO nanoparticles significantly improved combustion efficiency, reduced incomplete combustion and increased fuel efficiency in WPO diesel blends, indicating the potential for ecologically friendly additives in sustainable waste-to-fuel applications.

Keywords

Plastic-derived diesel, CuO nanoparticles, Sustainable energy, Environmental protection

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