Cigarette Leachates: An Environmental Threat to Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems

IJEP 46(11): 1107-1120 : Vol. 46 Issue 11 (November 2026)

Full Text

Akanksha A. Nadgouda and Krishnakumar Velayudhannair*

Christ University, Department of Life Sciences, Bengaluru – 560 029, Karnataka, India

Abstract

Cigarette butts are the most common type of litter created by humans and they harm both land and water ecosystems. They are primarily made from a hard material called cellulose acetate, which does not break down easily. These butts release a mixture of harmful substances, including nicotine, heavy metals and small pieces of plastic. Over time, these harmful materials enter the soil and water, damaging plants, affecting small organisms, degrading soil quality and endangering aquatic life. The harmful effects can slow seed growth, reduce plant development and harm small water creatures and fish. As these harmful substances move up the food chain, their impact becomes stronger, disrupting the natural balance and increasing the risk to human health. Factors, such as soil quality, rain and soil texture influence how far and how severe these leaks are. Unfortunately, our understanding of the effects of subtle, progressive touches is limited and we hardly understand the interactions between these forces. To reduce cigarette butt damage, we must raise awareness, establish stringent legislation, create biodegradable filters and employ nature-based cleaning methods, such as repairing with small algae.

Keywords

Aquatic toxicity, Cigarette butts, Environmental pollution, Heavy metals, Oxidative stress

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