Comparison of Modified Entropy Weighted and Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index for River Water

IJEP 46(3): 215-223 : Vol. 46 Issue. 3 (March 2026)

Full Text

Suraj Kumar Yadav and Ajai Singh*

Central University of Jharkhand, Department of Civil Engineering, Ranchi – 835 222, Jharkhand, India

Abstract

Due to the rapid development of the country’s economy, the amount of wastewater produced from industrial and agricultural activities continues to increase daily. This wastewater is discharged into nearby lakes and rivers, eventually polluting these water bodies. In this study, the surface water quality of the Gomti river was analyzed for physical, chemical and biological parameters and water quality index was developed using both a modified entropy-weighted index and an arithmetic weighted index. The turbidity of the river stretch was also measured using Sentinel 2A imagery with bands 3, 4 and 8. It was found that 85% of the samples were suitable for irrigation and industrial purposes, while only 15% were suitable for domestic use. Comparing these results with the standards set by IS 10500 (2012), only a small percentage of samples showed higher concentrations of BOD, Fe and Na+ ions at 38%, 15% and 69%, respectively. The turbidity values obtained from Sentinel 2A imagery closely matched the physical measurements, suggesting that water quality parameters can be efficiently monitored using satellite data to save time and money.

Keywords

Gomti river, Water quality index, Sentinel 2A, Modified entropy water quality index, Weighted arithmetic water quality index

References

  1. Simeonov, V., Einax, J., Stanimirova, I. and Kraft, J. 2002. Environmetric modelling and interpretation of river water monitoring data. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 374: 898–905. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-002-1559-5.
  2. Kannel, P.R., Lee, S., Lee, Y.S., Kanel, S.R. and Khan, S.P. 2007. Application of water quality indices and dissolved oxygen as indicators for river water classification and urban impact assessment. Env. Monit. Assess., 132: 93–110. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9505-1.
  3. Rosemond, S., Duro, D.S. and Dubé, M. 2009. Comparative analysis of regional water quality in Canada using the water quality index. Env. Monit. Assess., 156: 223–240. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0480-6.
  4. Yao, S., Xue, B. and Kong, D. 2010. Chronology and nutrients change in recent sediment of Taihu lake, lower Changjiang river basin, east China. Chinese Geogr. Sci., 20: 202–208. DOI: 10.1007/s11769-010-0202-1.
  5. CGWB. 2022. Groundwater brochure of Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh. Central Groundwater Board, New Delhi. Available at: http://cgwb.gov.in/District_ Profile/UP/Lucknow.
  6. Horton, R.K. 1965. An index number system for rating water quality. J. Water Poll. Cont. Fed., 37: 300–306.
  7. Tyagi, S., Sharma, B. and Singh, P. 2013. Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index. American J. Water Resour., 1(3): 34-38. DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-1-3-3.
  8. Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S.A. 2012. Water quality indices. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-54304-2.00016-6.
  9. Brown, R.M., McClelland, N.I., Deininger, R.A. and Tozer, R.G. 1970. A water quality index—Do we dare? Water Sewage Works. 117: 339–343.
  10. SRDD. 1976. Development of a water quality index. Engineering Division, Scottish Research Development Department, Edinburg, U.K.
  11. Liou, S.M., Lo, S.L. and Wang, S.H. 2004. A generalized water quality index for Taiwan. Env. Monit. Assess., 96: 35–52. DOI: 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000 031715.83752.a1.
  12. Neary, B., Cash, K., Hébert, S., Khan, H., Saffran, K., Swain, L., Williamson, D. and Wright, R. 2001. Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: CCME water quality index 1.0 technical report. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Gatineau, QC, Canada.
  13. Zandbergen, P.A. and Hall, K.J. 1998. Analysis of the british Columbia water quality index for watershed managers: A case study of two small watersheds. Water Qual. Res. J., 33: 519–549.
  14. Sargaonkar, A. and Deshpande, V. 2003. Development of an overall index of pollution for surface water based on a general classification scheme in Indian context. Env. Monit. Assess., 89: 43–67. DOI: 10.1023/A:1025886025137.
  15. Cude, C.G. 2001. Oregon water quality index a tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness. J. American Water Resour. Assoc., 37: 125–137. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb05480.x.
  16. Bhargave, D.S.1985. Expression for drinking water supply standards. J. Env. Eng., 111: 304–310.
  17. Shuhaimi-Othman, M., Lim, E.C. and Mushrifah, I. 2007. Water quality changes in Chini lake, Pahang, West Malaysia. Env. Monit. Assess., 131: 279–292. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9475-3.
  18. Nemerow, N.L. 1971. Benefits of water quality enhancement. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quality Office, US Government, Washington, DC, USA.
  19. Rahul, T.S., Brema, J. and Wessley, G.J.J. 2022. Evaluation of surface water quality of Ukkadam lake in Coimbatore using UAV and Sentinel-2 multispectral data. Int. J. Env. Sci. Tech., 20: 3205–3220. DOI: 10.1007/s13762-022-04029-7.
  20. Shil, S., Singh, U.K. and Mehta, P. 2019. Water quality assessment of a tropical river using water quality index, multivariate statistical techniques and GIS, Appl. Water Sci., 9(7):1-21.
  21. Belkhiri, L., Mouni, L., Tiri, A., Narany, T.S. and Nouibet, R. 2018. Spatial analysis of groundwater quality using self-organizing maps. Groundwater Sustain. Develop., 7: 121-132. DOI: 10.1007/s13 201-019-1045-2.
  22. Adimalla, N. and Qian, H. 2019. Groundwater quality evaluation using water quality index (WQI) for drinking purposes and human health risk (HHR) assessment in an agricultural region of Nanganur, South India. Ecotoxicol. Env. Safety. 176: 153-161. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.066.
  23. Kumar, P.J.S. and Augustine, C.M. 2022. Entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) modelling of groundwater quality and spatial mapping in upper Odai sub-basin, South India. Modelling Earth Systems Env., 8: 911–924. DOI: 10.1007/s40808-021-01132-5.
  24. Zhu, Y., Tian, D. and Yan, F. 2020. Effectiveness of Entropy weight method in decision-making. Mathematical Problems Eng., 7: 1-5. DOI: 10.1155/2020/3564835.
  25. Prasad, M., Sunitha, V., Reddy, Y.S. and Suvarna, B. 2019. Data on water quality index development for groundwater quality assessment from Obula-varipalli mandal, YSR district, A.P. India.Data Brief. 24: 103846. DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.103846.
  26. Calmuc, V., Calmuc, M., Topa, M.C., Timofti, M., Iticescu, C. and Lucian P.G. 2018. Various methods for calculating the water quality index. Annals Dunarea Jos. 41(2): 171–178. DOI: 10.35219/ann-ugal-math-phys-mec.2018.2.09.
  27. Wang, X., Deng, Y., Tuo, Y. and Cao, R. 2021. Study on the temporal and spatial distribution of chlorophyll a in Erhai lake based on multispectral data from environmental satellites. Ecol. Informatics.61: 1574–9541. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2020.101201.
  28. Ouma, Y.O., Noor, K. and Herbert, K. 2020. Modelling reservoir chlorophyll-a, TSS and turbidity using Sentinel-2A MSI and Landsat-8 OLI satellite sensors with empirical multivariate regression. Hindawi J. Sensors. 8858408. DOI: 10.1155/2020/8858 408.
  29. Kachroud, M., Trolard, F., Kefi, M., Jebari, S. and Bourrié, G. 2019. Water quality indices: Challenges and application limits in the literature. Water. 11: 361. doi: 10.3390/w11020361.
  30. Hyarat, T. and Al-Kuisi, M.M. 2021. Comparison between weighted arithmetic and Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment water quality indices performance in Amman-Zarqa area, Jordan. Jordan J. Earth Env. Sci., 12 (4): 295-305.
  31. Khan, R., Saxena, A., Shukla, S., Goel, P., Bhattacharya, P., Li, P., Ali, E.F. and Shaheen, S.M. 2021. Appraisal of water quality and ecological sensitivity with reference to riverfront development along the river Gomti, India. J. Appl. Water Sci., 12(1): 1-12. DOI: 10.1007/s13201-021-01560-9.
  32. Dash, S. and Kalamdhad, A.S. 2021. Discussion on the existing methodology of entropy-weights in water quality indexing and proposal for a modification of the expected conflicts, Env. Sci. Poll. Res. Int., 28(38): 53983-54001. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14482-5.
  33. IS 10500. 2012. Drinking water – specification. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
  34. Iticescu, C., Georgescu, L.P., Murariu, G., Topa, C., Timofti, M., Pintilie, V. and Arseni, M. 2019. Lower danube water quality quantified through WQI and multivariate analysis. Water. 11(6): 1305. DOI: 10.3390/w11061305.
  35. Chatterjee, C. and Raziuddin, M. 2002. Determination of water quality index of a degraded river in Asanol Industrial area, Raniganj, Burdwan, West Bengal. Nature Env. Poll. Tech., 1(2): 181-189.
  36. Wikipedia. Normalized difference water index. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalized_ difference_water_index.
  37. Paun, I., Cruceru, L.V., Chiriac, F.L., Niculescu, M., Vasile, G.G. and Marin, N.M. 2016. Water quality indices-methods for evaluating the quality of drinking water. NCD ECOIND – International symposium-SIMI 2016. pp 395-402.
  38. Drusch, M., Bello, U.D., Carlier, S., Colin, O., Fernandez, V., Gascon, F., Hoersch, B., Isola, C., Laberinti, P., Martimort, P., Meygret, A., Spoto, F., Sy, O., Marchese, F. and Bargellini, P. 2012. Sentinel-2: ESA’s optical high-resolution mission for GMES operational services. Remote Sens. Env., 120: 25–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse. 2011.11.026.
  39. Ambrose-Igho, G., Seyoum, W., Perry, W.L. and Oreilly, C. 2020. Spatio-temporal analysis of water quality indicators in small lakes using Sentinel-2 satellite data: Lake Bloomington and Evergreen lake, central Illinois, USA. J. Env. Processes. 8: 637–660. DOI: 10.1007/s40710-021-00519-x.
  40. Amiri, V., Mohsen, R. and Sohrabi, N. 2014. Groundwater quality assessment using entropy weighted water quality index (EWQI) in Lenjanat, Iran. Env. Earth Sci., 72: 3479–3490. DOI: 10.1007/s12665-014-3255-0.
  41. Bonansea, M., Ledesma, M., Rodriguez, C. and Pinotti, L. 2017. Using new remote sensing satellites for assessing water quality in a reservoir. Hydrol. Sci. J., 64(1): 34-44. DOI: 10.1080/02626667.2018. 1552001.
  42. Gupta, R., Tatu, K., Christian, L. and Joshi, D. 2018. Seasonal assessment of some water quality parameters for estuarine and riverine zones of Nar-mada river, Gujrat. Int. J. Sci. Res. Biol. Sci., 5(5): 42-51. DOI: 10.26438/ijsrbs/v5i5.4251.
  43. Ibrahim, M., Al-Zyoud, S. and Elhaddad, E. 2018. Surface water quality monitoring for river nile, egypt using GIS-techniques. Open J. Geol., 8: 161-173. DOI: 10.4236/ojg.2018.82010.
  44. Mehta, G., Deshbhratar, S., Raut, S. and Mahaley, J. 2016. Assessment of certain physico-chemical parameters of Satpala lake, Virar, Palghar, Maharashtra. Int. J. Innovative Res. Sci. Eng. Tech., 5(8): 14598-14605. DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2016.0508 040.
  45. Simpi, B., Hiremath, S.M., Murthy, K.N.S., Chandra-shekarappa, K.N., Patel, A.N. and Puttiah, E.T. 2011. Analysis of water quality using physico-chemical parameters Hosahalli tank in Shimoga district, Karnataka, India. Global J. Sci. Frontier Res., 11(3): 31-34.