Seasonal Assessment of Water Quality of Karanja Reservoir, Bidar, Karnataka (India): A Multivariate Analysis

IJEP 46(9): 811-828 : Vol. 46 Issue 9 (September 2026)

Full Text

Sabha Shaikh and Gautam Zodape*

Chikitsak Samuha’s Sir Sitaram and Lady Shantabai Patkar College of Arts and Science and V. P. Varde College of Commerce and Economics, Department of Zoology, Mumbai – 400 104, Maharashtra, India

Abstract

Increasing human activities globally and in India have led to deteriorating water quality, posing threats to aquatic biodiversity and human health. The present study aimed to analyze the suitability of water from the Karanja reservoir in Bidar, Karnataka, India, from January 2023 to December 2024. Seasonal surface and bottom water samples were evaluated for physico-chemical parameters, such as temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, total solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, free CO2, total alkalinity, total acidity, total hardness, nitrates, phosphates and WQI. Results revealed that turbidity, TSS, BOD, COD, total hardness and PO43- exceeded WHO permissible limits, while other parameters were within the acceptable range. The WQI values indicated poor to very poor water conditions, making it unsuitable for drinking. ANOVA and multivariate analyses revealed significant seasonal variations, with the monsoon season playing a dominant role by altering turbidity, nutrient loading and oxygen dynamics. However, certain parameters remained relatively stable across seasons. The study concludes that Karanja reservoir is polluted and unfit for drinking, as it receives untreated sewage from nearby areas. Therefore, it is recommended that water be monitored periodically to improve water quality for the sustainable development of aquatic life and fisheries.

Keywords

Water, Physico-chemical, Seasonal variations, Water quality index, Karanja reservoir, Bidar, Karnataka

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