IJEP 41(9): 1046-1053 : Vol. 41 Issue. 9 (September 2021)
Vijai Krishna*, Sweta Singh Maurya, Chameli Soren and Tanya Gupta
Banaras Hindu University, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Varanasi – 221 005, U.P., India
Abstract
Varanasi is one of the most famous cities for its riverfronts and religious and cultural activities carried on there in India. There are 86 riverfronts (ghats). This research work assessed the sources, composition, effects, management and disposal aspects of solid waste produced at nine selected most prominent riverfronts of Varanasi. It has been seen that nine selected riverfronts generated 1880.7 kg waste per day in which flower waste was highest, that is 893.4 kg (47.5%) followed by plastic 499.4 kg (26.55%), paper 305.2 kg (16.22%), cloths 98.7 kg (5.24%) and glass 84 kg (4.46%) wastes. Whereas Manikarnika generated 6000 kg ash and Harishchandra 850 kg ash per day, respectively. At 86 ghats, the number of shops, temples and dustbins is 158, 113 and 244, respectively. To clean 86 ghats, 600 workers work regularly from 6 AM to 10 PM and 20 supervisors supervise them. Management potentials include the production of vermicomposting, composting, extraction of natural dyes, essential oils, biogas generation, incense sticks, rose water and handmade paper. Most of the waste is disposed of at the Karsada waste processing plant.
Keywords
Riverfront (Ghats), solid waste management, River pollution, Religious waste
References
- Vergara, S.E. and G. Tchobanoglous. 2012. Municipal solid waste and the environment: A global perspective. Annuls. Rev. Env. Resour., 37:277–309.
- Hoornweg, D. and P. B. Tata. 2012. What a waste: a global review of solid waste management. Urban Development Series. World Bank, Washington DC.
- Kaza, S., et al. 2018. What a waste 2.0: A global snapshot of solid waste managementto 2050. Urban Development Series. World Bank, Washington DC. doi: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1329-0.
- Kaushal, R. K., G. K. Varghese and M. Chabuk-dhara. 2012. Municipal solid waste management in India – current state and future challenges: a review. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Tech., 4(4): 1473-1489.
- Sharholy, M., et al. 2008. Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities – A review. Waste Manage., 28: 459–467.
- Rathi, S. 2006. Alternative approaches for better municipal solid waste management in Mumbai. J. Waste Manage., 26(10): 1192–1200.
- Sharholy, M., et al. 2005. Analysis of municipal solid waste management systems in Delhi – a review. Second International Congress of Chemistry and environment. Proceedings, pp. 773–777.
- Ray, M.R., et al. 2005. Respiratory and general health impairments of workers employed in a municipal solid waste disposal at open landfill site in Delhi. Int. J. Hygiene Env. Health. 108 (4): 255–262.
- Jha, M.K., O.A.K. Sondhi and M. Pansare. 2003. Solid waste management – a case study. Indian J. Env. Prot., 23(10):1153–1160.
- Kansal, A. 2002. Solid waste management strategies for India. Indian J. Env. Prot., 22 (4): 444–448.
- Kansal, A., R.K. Prasad and S. Gupta. 1998. Delhi municipal solid waste and environment – an appraisal. Indian J. Env. Prot., 18 (2): 123–128.
- Singh, S.K. and R.S. Singh. 1998. A study on municipal solid waste and its management practices in Dhanbad–Jharia coalifield. Indian J. Env. Prot., 18 (11): 850–852.
- Gupta, S., et al. 1998. Solid waste management in India: options and opportunities. Resour. Conser. Recycling. 24:137–154.
- Mor, S., et al. 2006. Municipal solid waste characterization and its assessment for potential methane generation: a case study. J. Sci. Total Env., 371 (1): 1–10.
- Siddiqui, T.Z., F.Z. Siddiqui and E. Khan. 2006. Sustainable development through integrated municipal solid waste management (MSWM) approach – a case study of Aligarh district. National Conference of Advanced in mechanical engineering (AIME- 2006). Proceedings, pp 1168–1175.
- Raje, D.V., et al. 2001. An approach to assess level of satisfaction of the residents in relation to SWM system. J. Waste Manage. Res., 19: 12–19.
- MoEF. 2000. The Gazette of India. Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules. Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi.
- Ahsan, N. 1999. Solid waste management plan for Indian megacities. Indian J. Env. Prot., 19 (2): 90–95.
- Khan, R.R. 1994. Environmental management of municipal solid wastes. Indian J. Env. Prot., 14 (1): 26–30.
- Lebreton, L.C.M., et al.2017. River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans.Nat. Commun., 8.
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15611. - Ghosh, R. and A. Kansal. 2014. Urban challenges in India and the mission for a sustainable habitat. Interdisciplina. 2(2):281-304.
- Joshi, R. and S. Ahmed. 2016. Status and challenges of municipal solid waste management in India: A review. Cogent. Env. Sci., 2. DOI: 10.1080/23311843.2016. 1139434.
- Kumar, S., et al. 2017. Challenges and opportunities associated with waste management in India. R. Soc. DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160764.
- Census of India. 2011. Office of the registrar general and Census Commissioner, India. Ministry of home affairs. Government of India.
- Al-Khatib, I. A., et al. 2010. Solid waste characterization, quantification and management practices in developing countries. A case study: Nablus district, Palestine. J. env. manage., 91(5): 1131-1138.
- Van der Sloot, H. A., et al. 2006. Developments in the characterisation of waste materials for environmental impact assessment purposes. J. Geochem. exploration. 88(1-3): 72-76.
- Abbasi, T., S. M. Tauseef and S.A. Abbasi. 2012. Anaerobic digestion for global warming control and energy generation – An overview. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews. 16(5): 3228-3242.
- Hall, K. D., et al. 2009. The progressive increase of food waste in America and its environmental impact. PloS one. 4(11).
- Claudio, L., 2007. Waste couture: Environmental impact of the clothing industry. Env. Health Perspectives. 115(9): A449-A454.
- Tabasová, A., et al. 2012. Waste-to-energy technologies: Impact on environment. Energy. 44(1): 146-155.
- Stehlík, P. 2009. Contribution to advances in waste-to-energy technologies. J. Cleaner Prod., 17(10):919-931.
- TERI. 2010. TERI Energy data directory and yearbook (TEDDY). TERI Press, New Delhi.
- Sharholy, M., et al. 2006. Development of prediction models for municipal solid waste generation for Delhi city. National Conference of advanced in mechanical engineering (AIME-2006). Proceedings, pp 1176-1186.
- CBUD. 2015. City Development Plan for Varanasi 2041 (Final city development plan). Ministry of Urban Development, Govt. of India and World Bank.
- Mishra, V.N., P.K. Rai and K. Mohan. 2014. Prediction of landuse changes based on land change modeler (LCM) using remote sensing: a case study of Muzaffarpur (Bihar), India. J. Geogr. Inst. Jovan Cvijic., 64(1): 111-127.
- Rai, V. K., P. Kumar and P.K. Rai. 2017. Problems of sustainable solid waste management in urban area: A case study of Varanasi city of India. Slovak Republic European Geographical Studies. 4(2): 80-91.
- Tripathi, S. K. 2018. Municipal solid waste management in Varanasi. Int. J. Technical Innovation Modern. Eng. Sci., 4(5): 1276-1281.
- Rao, N. and K.T. Suresh. 2013. Domestic tourism in India. In The Native Tourist. pp 212-242.
- City Sanitation Plan for Varanasi. 2011. Varanasi Municipal Corporation.
