Adsorptive Demetallization of Real Iraqi Crude Oil using Chelating Agent and Synthetic Nano-Zeolite Y

IJEP 43(14): 1291-1298 : Vol. 43 Issue. 14 (Conference 2023)

Eynas Muhamad Majeed1, Nuha Muhsen Ali1, Jasim I. Humadi2*, Ghassan Hassan Abdul Razzaq2, Yakubu Mandafiya John3 and Mustafa A. Ahmed4

1. Middle Technical University (MTU), Institute of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
2. Tikrit University, Department of Petroleum and Gas Refining Engineering, College of Petroleum Processes Engineering, Tikrit, Iraq
3. University of Bradford, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Bradford, United Kingdom
4. Ministry of Oil, Baghdad, Iraq

Abstract

Iraqi crude oils (ICO) have various heavy metals, like nickel (II) and vanadium (IV), which poison catalysts, cause environmental threats and affect the specification of petroleum products. Traditional hydrotreating and hydrocracking technologies are used in petroleum refining to remove metals from fuels, but these technologies operate at high pressures and temperatures, making the processes expensive. Adsorptive demetallization (ADM) technology is one of the promising approaches; however, this study focuses on developing a new ADM process for removing vanadium and nickel metals from ICO with high speed and efficiency using synthetic nano-zeolite Y as adsorbent material. The feasibility of removing the metal from ICO via zeolite Y and chelating agent (EDTA) was investigated and compared. Many characterizations, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) were achieved using the synthesis nano-zeolite Y. XRD and FTIR tests were used to demonstrate the presence of single zeolite phases in the products. The results proved that the maximum removal efficiency of nickel metal ions under the best conditions (0.01 solution concentration) using zeolite Y and EDTA was 45% and 40%, respectively while that of vanadium metal ions was 40.5% and 39%, respectively. The experimental results showed that the vanadium ion exchange has more uptaking of metal ions than the nickel under the experiments used at exchanging efficiency of about 40% for zeolite Y. The results proved that the addition of EDTA has a similar result for the zeolite Y with error of 5%. This study provided new design for removal process of metal ions from real crude oil using synthesised zeolite Y with promising results.                                                     

Keywords

Adsorptive demetallization, Iraqi crude oil, Nickel, Vanadium, Nano-zeolite Y, EDTA

References

  1. Gawel, I., D. Bociarska and P. Biskupski. 2005. Effect of asphaltenes on hydroprocessing of heavy oils and residua. Appl. Catalysis A General. 295(1): 89-94.
  2. Ali, M.F., et al. 2006. Deep desulphurization of gasoline and diesel fuels using non-hydrogen consuming techniques. Fuel. 85(10-11): 1354-1363.
  3. Khuhawar, M., M.A. Mirza and T.M. Jahangir. 2012. Determination of metal ions in crude oils. In Crude oil emulsions- Composition stability and characterization. Ed Manar El-Sayed Abdel-Raouf. pp 121-144.
  4. Khamees, L.A., A.A. Alrazzaq and J.I. Humadi. 2022. Different methods for determination of shale volume for Yamama formation in an oil field in southern Iraq. Mater. Today: Proceedings. 57: 586-594.
  5. Humadi, J.I., et al. 2023. Recovery of fuel from real waste oily sludge via a new eco-friendly surfactant material used in a digital baffle batch extraction unit. Sci. Reports. 13(1): 9931.
  6. Stala, L., J. Ulatowska and I. Polowczyk. 2023. Green polyampholytic ionic scavengers as an alternative to crude oil derived chelating resins for removal of toxic metals from aqueous solutions. J. Env. Chem. Eng., 11(3): 109926.
  7. Prado, G.H.C., Y. Rao and A. Klerk. 2017. Nitrogen removal from oil: A review. Energy Fuels. 31(1): 14-36.
  8. Xin, Q., L.J. Hounjet and A. Hartwell. 2022. Spill behaviours of pipeline-transportable processed bitumen products in freshwater. Fuel. 309: 122040.
  9. Fergusson, J. E. 1990. The heavy elements: Chemistry, environmental impact and health effects. Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
  10. Flores, V. and C. Cabassud. 1999. A hybrid membrane process for Cu (II) removal from industrial wastewater comparison with a conventional process system. Desalination. 126(1-3): 101-108.
  11. Rana, M.S., et al. 2007. A review of recent advances on process technologies for upgrading of heavy oils and residua. Fuel. 86(9): 1216-1231.
  12. Lai, W.C. and K. Smith. 2001. Heavy oil microfiltra-tion using ceramic monolith membranes. Fuel. 80(8): 1121-1130.
  13. Ali, M.F. and S. Abbas. 2006. A review of methods for the demetallization of residual fuel oils. Fuel Processing Tech., 87(7): 573-584.
  14. Gneedy, A.H., et al. 2022. Application of marine algae separate and in combination with natural zeolite in dye adsorption from wastewater: A review. Egyptian J. Chem., 65(9): 589-616.
  15. Auerbach, S.M., K.A. Carrado and P.K. Dutta. 2003. Handbook of zeolite science and technology. CRC Press.
  16. Karge, H.G. and J. Weitkamp. 1998. Molecular sieves: Synthesis. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg.
  17. Liu, Y.X., et al. 2022. Deactivation and regeneration of a benchmark Pt/C catalyst toward oxygen reduction reaction in the presence of poisonous SO2and NO. Catalysis Sci. Tech., 12(9): 2929-2934.
  18. Issa, Y.S., et al. 2023. Removal efficiency and reaction kinetics of phenolic compounds in refinery wastewater by nano catalytic wet oxidation. Int. J. Renewable Energy Develop., 12(3): 508-519.
  19. Carrondo, M.J.T., J.N. Lester and R. Perry. 1981. Type A zeolite in the activated sludge process- II: Heavy metal removal. J. (Water Poll. Control Federation). 53(3): 344-351.
  20. Keane, M.A. 1998. The removal of copper and nickel from aqueous solution using Y zeolite ion exchangers. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects. 138(1): 11-20.
  21. Ikyereve, R.E. 2014. Investigations into the pre-treatment methods for the removal of nickel (II) and vanadium (IV) from crude oil. PhD Thesis. Loughborough University.
  22. Barbooti, M.M. 2015. Evaluation of analytical procedures in the determination of trace metals in heavy crude oils by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. American J. Anal. Chem., 6(4): 325-333.
  23. Mohammed, Q. Y. and S. R. Taher. 2018. Determination of vanadium in crude oil and some petroleum products spectrophotometrically. J. Chem. Pharmaceutical Sci., 11(1): 300-335.
  24. Humadi, J.I., et al. 2021. Fast, non-extractive and ultradeep desulphurization of diesel in an oscillatory baffled reactor. Process Safety Env. Prot., 152: 178-187.
  25. Jafar, S.A., A.T. Nawaf and J.I. Humadi. 2021. Improving the extraction of sulphur-containing compounds from fuel using surfactant material in a digital baffle reactor. Mater. Today Proceedings. 42: 1777-1783.
  26. Humadi, J.I., et al. 2022. Dimensionless evaluation and kinetics of rapid and ultradeep desulphu-rization of diesel fuel in an oscillatory baffled reactor. RSC Adv., 12(23): 14385-14396.
  27. Humadi, J.I., et al. 2023. Design of new nano-catalysts and digital basket reactor for oxidative desul-phurization of fuel: Experiments and modelling. Chem. Eng. Res. Design. 190: 634-650.
  28. Aldridge, C.L., R. Bearden and Jr.K.L. Riley. 1991. Removal of metallic contaminants from a hydrocarbonaceous liquid (EP0433026B1). European Patent Office.
  29. Magomedov, R.N., et al. 2015. Current status and prospects of demetallization of heavy petroleum feedstock. Petroleum Chem., 55: 423-443.
  30. Ali, G.A.A., S.A. Ibrahim and M.N. Abbas. 2021. Catalytic adsorptive of nickel metal from Iraqi crude oil using non-conventional catalysts. Innov. Infrastructure Solutions. 6: 1-9.
  31. Mesdour, S.H.N., et al. 2022. Potential application of carbon nanospheres as adsorbent for the simultaneous desulphurization and demetallization of transportations fuels. Fullerenes Nanotubes Carbon Nanostructures. 30(4): 419-427.
  32. Algawi, R.J., J.I. Humadi and L.A. Khamees. 2023. Experimental study of the impact of metal (iron, copper and aluminum) surface and light exposure on gum formation in Iraqi automotive gasoline. Petroleum Sci. Tech., 1-12.
  33. Greaney, M.A., et al. 1996. Method for deme-tallating refinery feedstreams (US5529684A). United States Patent Office.
  34. Valt, R.B.G., et al. 2015. Acidic removal of metals from fluidized catalytic cracking catalyst waste assisted by electrokinetic treatment. Brazilian J. Chem. Eng., 32: 465-473.
  35. Lutz, W. 2014. Zeolite Y: Synthesis, modification and properties— A case revisited. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. DOI: 10.1155/2014/724248.
  36. Collins, F., et al. 2020. A critical review of waste resources, synthesis and applications for zeolite LTA. Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 291: 109667.
  37. Botella, E.P., S. Valencia and F. Rey. 2022. Zeolites in adsorption processes: State of the art and future prospects. Chem. Reviews. 122(24): 17647-17695.
  38. Razzaq, G.H.A., et al. 2023. CO2capturing from natural gas employing new porous mixed matrix membranes. Mater. Today Proceedings. (In Press).
  39. Peric, J., M. Trgo and N.V. Medvidovic. 2004. Removal of zinc, copper and lead by natural zeolite—A comparison of adsorption isotherms. Water Res., 38(7): 1893-1899.
  40. Huang, Y., et al. 2018. Heavy metal ion removal of wastewater by zeolite-imidazolate frameworks. Separation Purification Tech., 194: 462-469.
  41. Hamad, K.I., et al. 2022. Enhancement of activity and lifetime of nano-iron oxide catalyst for environmentally friendly catalytic phenol oxidation process. Cleaner Eng. Tech., 11: 100570.
  42. Nawaf, A.T., et al. 2023. Design of nano-catalyst for removal of phenolic compounds from wastewater by oxidation using modified digital basket baffle batch reactor: Experiments and modelling. Processes. 11(7): 1990.
  43. Ikyereve, R.E., C. Nwankwo and A. Mohammed. 2014. Selective removal of metal ions from crude oil using synthetic zeolites. Int. J. Sci. Res. Publications. 4(5): 1-3.
  44. Mahmood, L. and M. Abid. 2019. Extractive demeta-lization of Iraqi crude oil by using zeolite A. J. Turkish Chem. Soc. Section B Chem. Eng., 2(2): 75-86.
  45. Tamer, A.D., et al. 2019. Study on removal of vanadium from Iraqi crude oil by prepared nano-zeolites. Eng. Tech. J., 37(6): 188-194.
  46. Kuznicki, S.M., et al. 2007. Natural zeolite bitumen cracking and upgrading. Microporous Meso-porous Mater., 105(3): 268-272.
  47. Rana, M.S., et al. 2008. Heavy crude oil hydropro-cessing: A zeolite-based CoMo catalyst and its spent catalyst characterization. Catalysis Today. 130(2-4): 411-420.
  48. Attia, M., et al. 2020. Metal and sulphur removal from petroleum oil using a novel demetallization-desulphurization agent and process. J. Clean. Prod., 275: 124177.
  49. Dyer, A. and J.A. Jamous. 1994. Zeolites for nuclear waste treatment: Co, Ni, Zn uptake into synthetic faujasites X and Y. I. pH effects, calcination, elution and encapsulation studies. J. Radio-anal. Nuclear Chem., 183(2): 225-233.
  50. Allen, H.E., S.H. Cho and T.A. Neubecker. 1983. Ion exchange and hydrolysis of type A zeolite in natural waters. Water Res., 17(12): 1871-1879.
  51. Daniels, E. and M. Puri. 1985. Competitive uptake of labelled Cs+, Ba2+and Zn2+ions by zeolite-3A. J. Radioanaly. Nuclear Chem., 94(1): 17-23.
  52. Ding, L., et al. 2006. Hydrotreating of light cycled oil using WNi/Al2O3catalysts containing zeolite beta and/or chemically treated zeolite Y. J. Catalysis. 241(2): 435-445.
  53. Magyar, S., J. Hancsók and D. Kalló. 2005. Hydro-desulphurization and hydroconversion of heavy FCC gasoline on PtPd/H-USY zeolite. Fuel Processing Tech., 86(11): 1151-1164.