Adsorption of Acetaminophen on Activated Carbon Prepared Based on Banana Peel

IJEP 43(5): 387-399 : Vol. 43 Issue. 5 (May 2023)

Abdellah Touijer1,2, Hamid Taouil1, Mohamed Saidi2, Khadija Ziat2 and Saïd Ibn Ahmed1*

1. Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Environment, Kenitra, Morocco
2. Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment, Tangier, Morocco

Abstract

The objective of this work is to study the decontamination of wastewater containing residues of pharmaceutical products, such as paracetamol, by activated carbon prepared from banana peel. This activated carbon was obtained from biomass commonly produced in Morocco. After cleaning, de-oiling and drying the banana peel, the sample obtained was crushed, sieved, calcined at 500°C, 600°C and 700°C, then activated with 0.5 M sodium hydroxide and characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, FTIR, ATG, DSC. Paracetamol is an organic micropollutant, it is obtained from Doliprane 500 produced in Morocco, after recrystallization and characterization by Raman and its adsorption on this prepared activated carbon was carried out for the first time during this work. The different samples of the adsorbent-solution mixtures were used under the same conditions of temperature, initial concentration, pH of the initial solution, solid/liquid ratio and stirring speed for each test. The best performance was obtained on the sample prepared at 700°C or 600°C after soda activation. The latter reduces the retention time at equilibrium by about 20 min, whereas the non-chemically activated substrate needs more time to reach equilibrium. The adsorption of paracetamol is optimal at pH 6 or 8 in the case of samples calcined at 600°C and 700°C for 60 min but is poor at 500°C. The Freundlich model best describes the adsorption phenomenon for both PBC600 and PBC700 adsorbents. The adsorption efficiency increases proportionally with the calcination temperature and the activation time, reaching a best value close to 90% for both samples PBC600 and PBC700. The thermodynamic parameters show that the adsorption is spontaneous (DG<0), exothermic (DH<0) and the decrease in disorder of its structure (DS<0).

Keywords

Adsorption, Calcination, Activation, Paracetamol (acetaminophen)

References

  1. Weber, F.A., et al. 2014. Pharmaceuticals in the environment: The global perspective. Occurrence, effects, and potential cooperative action under SAICM. German Environment Agency.
  2. Petitjean, Olivier. 2008. Water pollution by pharmaceuticals: A threat that we are only beginning to measure. Partage des eaux. Available at: https://www.partagede saux.info/La-pollution-de-1-eau-par-les-products pharmaceutiques-une-menace-dont-on.
  3. Naulin, David. 2008. Pollution of traces of drugs in the water of rivers and the Mediterranean. Health and Environment Commission, National Academy of Pharmacy.
  4. Blake, David. Paracetamol D120007. RRUFF database. Available at: https://rruff.info/paracetamol/display-default.
  5. Mayeko, A.K.K., et al. 2012. Adsorption of quinine dihydrochloride on an inexpensive activated carbon based on sugarcane bagasse impregnated with phosphoric acid. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., 6(3): 1337-1359.
  6. SMC5 Spectroscopy IR tables. 2020. Table of frequencies of variation of features in IR. Report of the Faculty of Science, University Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat.
  7. Elabdi, Anwar. 2007. Thermal reactivity and degradation kinetics of argan wood: Application to the      elaboration of activated carbon by chemical activation with phosphoric acid. PhD thesis. Faculty of Science, University Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat.
  8. Levchick, S.V., L. Coasta and G. Camino. 1992. Effect of the fire-retardant, ammonium polyphosphate, on the thermal decomposition of aliphatic polyamides : Part II-Polyamide 6. Polymer Degrad. Stability. 36:229-237.
  9. Fatma, M., et al. 2017. Comparative study of the adsorption of paracetamol from aqueous solution on olive stones and date pits. Desalination Water Treatment. 10(4):225-233.
  10. Ahmaruzzaman, M. and D.K. Sharma. 2005. Adsorption of phenols from wastewater. J. Colloid Inf. Sci., 287:14-24.
  11. Koshy, K.T. and J.L. Lach. 1961. Stability of aqueous solutions of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol. J. Pharm. Sci., 50(2):113-118.
  12. Dabrowski, A.P., et al. 2005. Adsorption of phenolic compounds by activated carbon- A critical review. Chemosphere. 58:1049-1070.
  13. Sahyoun, Jihan. 2014. Development of new flame retardant polymeric materials by the reactive extrusion route. ph.D. thesis. Claude Bernard University Lyon 1.
  14. Karim, A.B., et al. 2010. Removal of basic dye Methylene Blue in aqueous solution by Safi clay. Sci. Water. 23(4):375-388.
  15. Vi, D.T.V. 2011. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable natural fiber/polymer composite materials. ph.D. Thesis. Grenoble University of Natural Sciences of Ho Chi Minh.
  16. Gbamele, K.S., et al. 2016. Contribution to the study of four activated carbons from coconut husks. Africa Sci., 12(5):229-245.
  17. Gimbert, F., et al. 2008. Adsorption isotherm models for dye removal by cationized starch-based material in a single component system : Error analysis. J. Hazard. Mater., 157(1):34-46.
  18. Rubin, E., et al. 2010. Adsorption of Methylene Blue on chemically modified algal biomass: Equilibrium, dynamic and surface data. J. Chem. Eng., 55(12):707-5714.
  19. Arival, S., et al. 2009. Adsorption of malachite green onto carbon prepared from borassus bark. Arabian J. Sci. Eng., 34(2A):31-42.
  20. Mangun, C.L., et al. 1998. Effect of pore size on adsorption of hydrocarbons in phenolic-based activated carbon fibers. Carbon. 36(1-2):123-129.