Application of Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water Quality of Urban Community Ponds of Imphal City, Manipur

IJEP 43(5): 431-439 : Vol. 43 Issue. 5 (May 2023)

Bindiya Aribam, Monorama Thongam and Wazir Alam*

Manipur University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Imphal, Manipur-795 003, India

Abstract

Hydrogeochemical evaluation and water quality index of some selected urban community ponds were carried out for Imphal city to highlight the environmental status for their conservation. Water samples from 12 selected urban community ponds were collected for the post-monsoon, winter and pre-monsoon periods to assess the temporal variation of water quality parameters and water quality index (WQI). In-situ water quality parameters, such as temperature, pH, DO, TDS, EC, salt and ORP were assessed. The water quality of ponds was more inclined towards alkaline water type (pH>8.5) with higher values of electrical conductivity (EC), alkalinity, TDS and alkali metal ions, which signifies the presence of more dissolved inorganic ions from urban runoff and sewage intrusion. The turbidity of the samples beyond 5 NTU and higher concentration of TDS indicates further validation of EC and alkalinity values. The total hardness of water samples was found to be both carbonate and non-carbonate types with more contribution from bicarbonates (HCO3) ions. Moreover, the water types of all the ponds in all months are dominated by Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ cations and HCO3 > Cl > NO32- > PO42- anions.

Keywords

Community ponds, Water quality index, Water chemistry, Surface runoff, Urban environment

References

  1. Holmgren, T. 2014. Stockholm water treatment : A forum for global water issues. International Water Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
  2. Gleick, P. 1997. Water 2050 : Moving toward a sustainable vision for the earth’s freshwater. Working paper for the Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment and Security, Oakland, California.
  3. PHED. 2009. National rural drinking water programme (NRDWP). Public Health Engineering Department, Govt. of Manipur.
  4. Alam, W. and S.J. Haravane. 2020. Assessment of water security status for few habitations of Paomata sub-division of Manipur, India. J. Indian Water Works Assoc., 52(1):197-204.
  5. Salameh, E. 2000. Redefining the water poverty index. Water Int., 25(3):469-473.
  6. Houngbo, G.F. 2018. The United Nations world water development report 2018 : Nature-based solutions for water. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, France.
  7. Alam, W., et al. 2019. Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater arsenic and fluoride contamination in Thoubal district, Manipur, India. J. Earth Sci. India. 12(1):38-52.
  8. MASTEC. 2007. Report on water harvesting and water conservation in Imphal East I block, Imphal East district of Manipur. Manipur Science, Technology and Environment Council, Govt. of Manipur.
  9. Seckler, D., et al. 1998. World water demand and supply, 1990 to 2025 : Scenarios and issues. Research report 19. International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  10. Sadoff, C. and M. Muller. 2009. Water management, water security and climate change adaptation : Early impacts and essential responses. Background paper no. 14. Global water Partnership, Stockholm.
  11. INCCA. 2010. Indian network for climate change assessment report. Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
  12. Morrison, J., et al. 2009. Water scarcity and climate changes : Growing risks for business and investors. A Ceres report. Pacific Institute, Boston.
  13. Census. 2011. District census handbook, Imphal West and East district. census of India. Series 15, Part XII-B. Directorate of Census Operation, Govt. of Manipur.
  14. MSAPCC. 2015. Manipur state action plan for climate change. Directorate of Environment, Govt. of Manipur, India.
  15. Alam, W. and G. Yummam. 2017. Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater resources of Imphal city. J. Indian Water Works Assoc., 39(3): 197-204.
  16. ENVIS. 2015. Manipur, status of environment and related issues. ENVIS Centre, Manipur, Directorate of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of India.
  17. Alam, W. 2019. A review on the scopes of ecotourism in Manipur : An approach for environmental conservation. Int. J. Sci. Res. Reviews. 8(1):172-187.
  18. APHA. 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (21st edn). American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, Washington, D.C.
  19. WHO. 2011. Guidelines for drinking water quality (4th edn). World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  20. Horton, R.K. 1965. An index number system for rating water quality. J. Water Poll. Control Fed., 37:300-306.
  21. Alam, W., et al. 2020. Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater quality for few habitations of Chandel district, Manipur (India). Appl. Water Sci., 10(5):1-13.
  22. Piper, A.M. 1944. A graphic procedure in the chemical interpretations of water analysis. American Geo-phy. Union Trans., 25:914-923.
  23. Gibbs, R.J. 1970. Mechanism controlling world water chemistry. Sci., 170:1088-1090.
  24. CGWB. 2013. Groundwater information booklet, Imphal East district, Manipur. Technical report series : D. No. 27/2013-14. Central Ground Water Board, North Eastern Region, Ministry of water Resources, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
  25. Hameed, A., et al. 2010. Application of water quality index for assessment of Dodkan lake ecosystem, Kurdistan region, Iraq. J. Water Resour. Prot., 2:792-798.
  26. Sullivan, C. 2002. Calculating water poverty index. World Develop., 30(7):1195-1210.
  27. UN Water. 2018. The United Nations world water development report 2018 : Nature-based solutions for water. UNESCO, Paris.