Constructive and ecological energy storage – A Carbon Coated TiO2 Nano composite anode for sodium ion battery derived from Prosopis juliflora plant Wood

IJEP 45(11): 1016-1023 : Vol. 45 Issue. 11 (November 2025)

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Pavithra Kamatchisundaram and Meyappan Revathi

Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, Pallavaram, Chennai – 600 117, Tamil Nadu, India1. Babasaheb 

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are proposed as cost-effective and environmentally friendly options for electric mobility and grid storage applications. In this context, hard carbon is a promising anode material for SIBs because of its electrochemical performance. Recently, biowaste resources have attracted significant attention among many hard carbon precursors due to their affordability, availability and sustainability. Here, we report the synthesis of hard carbon from Prosopis juliflora plant biowaste, which is a cost-effective and efficient strategy for developing active carbon-based materials for Na-ion batteries. The produced carbon was coated onto TiO2 nanoparticles using a straightforward ball milling process. The resulting C-TiO2 nano-composite was tested as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries. It delivered an initial discharge capacity of 418 mAh/g when cycled between 0.2-3.0 V. The C-TiO2 composite electrode shows good capacity retention at low discharge voltages. X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the formation of the C-TiO2 composite, while Raman spectra verify its defect-rich graphitic structure. Surface micrographs clearly indicate highly permeable carbon coating extensively covering the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles.

Keywords

Biomass carbon, TiO2, Prosopis juliflora, Composite anode, Sodium-ion battery, Eco-friendly

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