Water Quality Assessment and Remediation using Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized from Rose Petals: A Case Study of the Mithi River – A Review

Water pollution is a growing concern in today’s world. Insufficient water and wastewater treatment and heightened industrial activity have resulted in elevated levels of various pollutants, like chemicals from industrial effluents, organic waste, pathogens and heavy metal contamination within rivers and other water reservoirs. River pollution leads to ecosystem disruption, loss of aquatic life, degraded water quality and risks to human health. It causes eutrophication, oxygen depletion and long-term environmental damage. Heavy metal is considered to be a major threat to humans, animals and aquatic life. Common methods for removing heavy metals from water sources, including membrane filtration, activated carbon adsorption and electro-coagulation, are not feasible. As a result, a significant amount of research has been conducted on low-cost adsorbents to evaluate their ability to remove heavy metals. The adsorption process has proved to be one of the most promising techniques for the treatment of water containing toxic heavy metals. Green adsorbents originating from various plants’ leaves, stems, roots, fruits and flowers are being explored as low-cost adsorbents for the remediation of heavy metal ions from water. This paper presents a review of the causes of contamination in the Mithi river and the application of green adsorbents for the reduction of heavy metal ions.