IJEP 45(8): 711-719 : Vol. 45 Issue. 8 (August 2025)
1. Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Department of Environmental Science, Meerut – 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
2. CSIR – Central Building Research Institute, Environmental Science and Technology Group, Roorkee – 247 667, Uttarakhand, India
Abstract
Feasibility studies have been carried out using waste-to-energy (WtE) ashes, specifically fly ash and bottom ash, as partial replacements for fine aggregate in the development of construction materials, like road paving blocks. Ordinary Portland cement was used as the binding agent in all studies. Initial tests with these ashes as fine aggregates showed promising results, producing high compressive strength suitable for product development. The paving blocks were tested according to Indian Standards and the results met the required standards. It was observed that using 30-50% WtE ashes as fine aggregate enables the production of these products, which could be used for low-cost construction. The toxicity test [toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)], performed following USEPA guidelines, showed no leaching of toxic metals. All heavy metals were immobilized within the cement matrix after 28 days of curing.
Keywords
Flyash, Bottom ash, Paving blocks, Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
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