IJEP 42(14): 1667-1676 : Vol. 42 Issue. 14 (Conference 2022)
Syafrudin, Nurandani Hardyanti, Budi Prasetyo Samadikun, Mochamad Arief Budiharjo*, Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan
Universitas Diponegoro, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
Abstract
A landfill is equipped with a layer of retaining leachate soil (liner) to prevent leachate from polluting groundwater and the environment. This layer must have low permeability (<10-6 cm/s), preventing the leachate from entering the soil. Moreover, stability and desiccation cracks are some of the design considerations for the leachate barrier layer. In this study, composites made from dewatered sludge as the textile industry’s primary waste added with bentonite were tested to determine their ability as a leach-retaining layer in terms of stability and desiccation behaviour. Five variables were tested: V1 (80% dewatered sludge and 20% bentonite), V2 (70% dewatered sludge and 30% bentonite), V3 (60% dewatered sludge and 40% bentonite), V4 (50% dewatered sludge and 50% bentonite) and V5 (40% dewatered sludge and 60% bentonite). The stability parameters were tested using the direct shear test, which resulted in the cohesion value and the internal shear angle and the analysis was carried out using the GeoSlope/W software with the Morgenstern–Price method. Meanwhile, the drying test was undertaken by calculating the crack intensity value (CIF) or crack area in the composite using Matlab 2019a software. According to the direct shear test results, bentonite’s addition tended to increase the cohesion value and decrease the inner shear angle. Furthermore, the analysis using GeoSlope/W revealed that the bentonite in the dewatered sludge composite tended to decrease the safety factor. On the other hand, in the crack parameters, results showed that composite V1 had a relatively low CIF value, for example the CIF value obtained from the crack area was 0.77% at 27.5°C and 3.09% at 40°C. The most appropriate alternative in terms of crack intensity for composite landfill liner was composite V1 with a composition of 80% dewatered sludge + 20% bentonite.
Keywords
Landfill liner, Textile dewatered sludge, Bentonite, Leachate, Groundwater
References
- Mishra, A.K. and V. Ravindra. 2015. On the utilization of flyash and cement mixtures as a landfull liner material. Int. J. Gosynthetics Ground Eng., 1:1-7.
- Kalkan, E. 2006. Utilization or red mud as a stabilization material for the preparation of clay liners. Env. Geol., 8(3):257-262.
- Mohamad, N., et al. 2018. Metal removal from municipal landfill leachate using mixture of laterite soil, peat soil and rice husk. Mater. Today Proceedings. 5(10):21832-21840.
- Rubinos, D.A. and G. Spagnoli. 2018. Utilization waste products as alternative landfill liner and cover materials- A critical review. Critical Reviews Env. Sci. Tech., 48(4):376-438. DOI: 10.1080/1064338 9.2018.1461495.
- Alla, V., et al. 2017. Development of alternate liner material by blending flyash, local soil and bentonite. Indian Geotechnical Conference 2017 GeoNEst, IIT Guwahati, India.
- Coruh, S. and D.N. Ergun. 2010. Use of flyash, phosphogypsum and red mud as a liner materia for the disposal of hazardous zinc leach residue waste. J. Hazard. Mater., 173(1-3):468-473.
- Sivapullaiah, P.V. and M.A.A. Baig. 2011. Gypsum treated flyash as a liver for waste disposal facilities. Waste Manage., 31)2):359-369.
- Maritsa, L., et al. 2016. Utilization of spilitic mining wastes in the construction of landfill bottom liners. J. Env. Chem. Eng., 4(2):1818-1825.
- Rubinos, D.A. and G. Spagnoli. 2019. Assessment of red mud as sorptive landfill liner for the retention of arsenic (V). J. Env. Manage., 232:271-285.
- Ganjian, E., et al. 2004. Preliminary investigations into the use of secondary waste minerals as a novel cementitious landfill liner. Constr. Building Mater., 18(9):689-699.
- Slim, G.I., et al. 2016. Optimization of polymer-amended flyash and paper pulp millings mixture for alternative landfill liner. Procedia Eng., 145:312-318.
- Cokca, E. and Z. Yilmaz. 2004. Use of rubber and bentonite added flyuash as a liner material. Waste Manage., 24(2):153-164. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman. 2003.10.004.
- Mukherjee, K. and A.K. Mishra. 2017. Performance enhancement of sand-bentonite mixture due to addition of fiber and geosynthetic clay liner. Int. J. Geotech. Eng., 11(2):107-113.
- He, J., et al. 2015. Modified sewage sludge as temporary landfill cover material. Water Sci. Eng., 8(3):257-262.
- Dixon, N. and D. Jones. 2003. Stability of landfill lining systoms. Report no. 2 Guidance. Environment Agency.
- Bergado, D., G. Ramana and H. Sia. 2006. Evaluation of interface shear strenght of composite liner system and stability analysis for a landfill lining system in Thailand. Geotextiles Geomemb., 24(6):371-393.
- Lakshmikantha, M., P.C. Prat and A. Ledesma. 2012. Experimental evidence of size effect in soil cracking. Canadian Geotech., 49(3):264-284.
- Yamusa, Y.B., K. Ahmad and N. Abd Rahman. 2017. Hydraulic conductivity and volumetric shrinkage properties review on gradation effect of compacted laterite soil liner. Malaysian J. Civil Eng., 29.
- Werther, J. and T. Ogada. 1999. Sewage sludge combustion. Progress Energy Combust. Sci., 25(1): 55-116.
- Fitri, A.N. 2019. Desication behaviour of landfill leachate containing soil layer with textile industrial dewatered sludge composite material, bentonite, lime and rice husk ash. Undergraduate Thesis. Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.
- Datta, D.S.M., J.M. Raziful and M.H. Hasibul. 2017. Application of software for investigating desiccation crack and shrinkage behaviour of composite clay used in waste landfill. 5th International Conference on Solid waste management in the developing countries. Bangladesh.
- Rowe, R.K. and M.Z. Islam. 2009. Impact of landfill liner time-temperature history on the service life of HDPF geomembranes. Waste Manage., 29(10): 2689-2699.
- Bowles, J.E. 1989. Physical and technical properties of soil. McGraw Hill International Company.
- Niroumand, H. 2017. Soil reinforcement for anchor plates and uplift response. Butterworth-Heinemann Publishing Company.
- Kleppe, J.H. and R.E Olson. 1985. Desiccation cracking of soil barrier. In Hydraulic barriers in soil and rock. ASTM STP 874. Ed A.I. Johnson, R.K. Frobel, N.J. Cavalli and C.B. Pettersson. ASTM International, West Conshohocken. pp 263–275.
- Nurdian, S., S. Setyanto and L. Afriani. 2015. Correlation of soil shear strength parameters using triaxial tests and direct shear tests on clayey soil, substituted for sand. J. Rekayasa Sipil Dan Disain. 3(1):13-25.
- Haris, A., H.P. Lee and V.B.C. Tan. 2018. An experimental study on shock wave mitigation capability of polyurea and shear thickening fluid based suspension pads. Defence Tech., 14(1):12-18.
- Pujiastuti, H., et al. 2018. The effect of matric suction on the shear strength of unsaturated sandy clay. Geomate. J., 14(42):112-119.
- Tang, C.S., et al. 2010. Experiment evidence on the temperature dependence of desiccation cracking behaviour of clayey soils. Eng. Geol., 114(3-4): 261-266.
- Gebrenegus, T., T.A. Ghezzehei and M. Tuller. 2011. Physico-chemical controls on initiation and evolution of desiccation cracks in sand-bentonite mixtures: X-ray CT imaging and stochastic modelling. J. Contaminant Hydrol., 126(1-2):100-112.
- Yoshida, H. and R. Rowe. 2003. Consideration of landfill liner temperature. Procedings Sardinia.
- Shorlin, K.A., et al. 2000. Development and geometry of isotropic and directional shrinkage-crack patterns. Physical Review E. 61(6):6950.
- Tang, C., et al. 2008. Influencing factors of geometrical structure of surface shrinkage cracks in clayey soils. Eng. Geol., 101(3-4):204-217.
- Tang, A.M. and Y.J. Cui. 2005. Controlling suction by the vapour equilibrium technique at different temperatures and its application in determining the water retention properties of MX80 clay. Canadian Geotech. J., 42(1):287-296.
- Taha, O.M.E. and M.R. Taha. 2015. Volume change and hydraulic conductivity of soil-bentonite mixture. Jordan J. Civil Eng., 9(1).
- Qiang, X., et al. 2014. Cracking, water permeability and deformation of compacted clay liners improved by straw fiber. Eng. Geol., 178:82-90.
- Krisdani, H., H. Rahardjo and E.C. Leong. 2008. Effects of different drying rates on shrinkage characteristics of a residual soil and soil mixtures. Eng. Geol., 102(1-2):31-37.
