Condition Evaluation of Bacterial Concrete Structure using EMI Technique for Sustainable Environment

IJEP 42(13): 1584-1591 : Vol. 42 Issue. 13 (Conference 2022)

Krishna Kumar Maurya*, Anupam Rawat and Rama Shanker

Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Department of Civil Engineering, Prayagraj- 211 004, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract

Technological revolution in the construction industry has required a technique to examine the presence of damage in the structures for a sustainable environment reason. Damage in the structures is the cause of catastrophic failure, thus environmentally biodegradable material is required to minimize the developed damage for the protection of structures from such kind of failures. The consideration of bacteria in the concrete infrastructure develops calcite in the presence of water and carbon dioxide through the bio-mineralization process, which reduces the beginning and growth of damages. The electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) technique can be considered for the condition assessment of the structures using a smart sensor system and thus, the required measures can be applied within a specific time interval. The researchers to date have not done the condition assessment of bacterial concrete structure using a PZT patch-based EMI technique. This research aimed to apply the EMI technique to the bacterial concrete structure for the condition assessment. The bacterial concrete beam specimens were fabricated by the addition of Bacillus subtilis bacteria with a concentration of 108 cells/mL. The electro-mechanical admittance (conductance and susceptance) responses have been extracted using surface-attached PZT sensor and concrete vibration sensor (CVS), respectively. Further, the extracted responses were processed in the MATLAB environment to determine the equivalent structural parameters in a specific frequency band. The change in the equivalent structural parameters from the baseline indicates the existence of damage. It was observed that the evaluation clearly signified the existence of damage, however, lower damage in the bacterial concrete specimen was observed. The developed concept can be used for the condition assessment of real-life structures.

Keywords

Sustainable bacterial concrete system, EMI technique, PZT sensor, CVS sensor, Environment-friendly bacteria

References

  1. Worrell, E., et al. 2001. Carbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industry. Ann. Rev. Energy Env., 26:303-329. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy. 26.1.303.
  2. Bhaskar, S., et al. 2017. Effect of self-healing on strength and durability of zeolite-immobilized bacterial cementitious mortar composites. Cement Concrete Composites. 82:23-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.05.013.
  3. Neville, A.M. 2011. Properties of concrete (5th edn). Pearson Education Limited, Essex. DOI: 10.4135/9781412975704.n88.
  4. Yoosathaporn, S., et al. 2016. A cost effective cultivation medium for biocalcification of Bacillus pasteurii KCTC 3558 and its effect on cement cubes properties. Microbiol Res., 186-187:132-138. DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.03.010.
  5. Wiktor, V. and H.M. Jonkers. 2011. Quantification of crack-healing in novel bacteria-based self-healing concrete. Cement Concrete Composites. 33:763-770. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011. 03.012.
  6. Chahal, N., R. Siddique and A. Rajor. 2012. Influence of bacteria on the compressive strength, water absorption and rapid chloride permeability of concrete incorporating silica fume. Constr. Build. Mater., 37:645-651. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat. 2012.07.029.
  7. Maurya, K.K., A. Rawat and R. Shanker. 2022. Health monitoring of cracked concrete structure by impedance approach. Mater. Today Proc., 1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.053.
  8. Maurya, K.K., A. Rawat and R. Shanker. 2022. Review on bacteria based cementitious matrix for sustainable building construction. In Environmental restoration (F-EIR 2021). Lecture notes in civil engineering (vol 232). Ed D.K. Ashish and J. de Brito. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.10 07/978-3-030-96202-9_1.
  9. Krishnapriya, S., D.L. Venkatesh Babu and P. Arulraj G. 2015. Isolation and identification of bacteria to improve the strength of concrete. Microbiol. Res., 174:48-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015. 03.009.
  10. Nguyen, T.H., et al. 2019. Bacterial self-healing of concrete and durability assessment. Cement Concrete Composites. 104:103340. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.103340.
  11. Ghosh, S., et al. 2009. Microbial activity on the microstructure of bacteria modified mortar. Cement Concrete Composites. 31:93-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.01.001.
  12. Siddique, R., et al. 2016. Properties of bacterial rice husk ash concrete. Constr. Build. Mater., 121: 112-119. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016. 05.146.
  13. Mondal, S. and A. Ghosh. 2018. Investigation into the optimal bacterial concentration for compressive strength enhancement of microbial concrete. Constr. Build. Mater., 183:202-214. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.176.
  14. Abdulkareem, M., et al. 2019. Evaluation of effects of multi-varied atmospheric curing conditions on compressive strength of bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) cement mortar. Constr. Build. Mater., 218: 1-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.119.
  15. Achal, V., A. Mukherjee and M.S. Reddy. 2011. Effect of calcifying bacteria on permeation properties of concrete structures. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotech., 38:1229-1234. DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0901-8.
  16. Reddy, S.S.P., et al. 2010. Performance of standard grade bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) concrete. Asian J. Civil Eng., 43-55.
  17. Nugroho, A., I. Satyarno and S. Subyakto. 2015. Bacteria as self-healing agent in mortar cracks. J. Eng. Tech. Sci., 47:279-295. DOI: 10.5614/j.eng. technol.sci.2015.47.3.4.
  18. Pei, R., et al. 2013. Use of bacterial cell walls to improve the mechanical performance of concrete. Cement Concrete Composites. 39:122-130. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.03.024.
  19. Jonkers, H.M. 2011 Bacteria-based self-healing concrete. HERON. 56:1-12.
  20. Maurya, K.K., A. Rawat and R. Shanker. 2022. Review article on condition assessment of structures using electro-mechanical impedance technique. Struct. Durab. Heal. Monit., 16:97-128. DOI: 10.32604/sdhm.2022.015732.
  21. Maurya, K.K., A. Rawat and G. Jha. 2020. Smart materials and electro-mechanical impedance technique: A review. Mater. Today Proc., 33:4993-5000. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.831.
  22. Maurya, K.K., T. Sonker and A. Rawat. 2020. Sustainable concrete construction by microorganism and monitoring using EMI technique: A review. Mater. Today Proc., 32:670-676. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.169.
  23. Bhalla, S. and C.K. Soh. 2004. Structural health monitoring by piezo-impedance transducers. I: Modeling. J. Aerosp. Eng., 17:154-165.
  24. Bhalla, S. and C.K. Soh. 2004. Structural health monitoring by piezo-impedance transducers. II: Applications. J. Aerosp. Eng., 17:166-175.
  25. Bhalla, S. and C.K. Soh. 2004. Electromechanical impedance modelling for adhesively bonded piezo-transducers. J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct., 15:955-972. DOI: 10.1177/1045389X04046309.
  26. Bhalla, S. and C.K. Soh. 2004. High frequency piezoelectric signatures for diagnosis of seismic/blast induced structural damages. NDT E Int., 37:23-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2003.07.001.
  27. Kaur, N. and S. Bhalla. 2014. Combined energy harvesting and structural health monitoring potential of embedded piezo-concrete vibration sensors. J. Energy Eng., 141:1-18. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EY.19 43-7897.0000224.
  28. Thiyagarajan, J.S., et al. 2015. Non-destructive piezoelectric based monitoring of strength gain in concrete using smart aggregate. International symposium on non-destructive testing in civil engineering (NDT-CE 2015), Berlin, Germany.
  29. Guo, F., et al. 2016. Practical issues related to the application of electromechanical impedance-based method in concrete structural health monitoring. Res. Nondestruct. Eval., 27:26-33. DOI: 10. 1080/09349847.2015.1044587.
  30. Liang, Y., et al. 2016. Bond-slip detection of concrete-encased composite structure using electro-mechanical impedance technique. Smart Mater. Struct., 25:1-12.
  31. Park, G., et al. 2003. Overview of piezoelectric impedance-based health monitoring and path forward. Shock Vib. Digest. 35(6):451-463.
  32. Tawie, R. and H.K. Lee. 2010. Monitoring the strength development in concrete by EMI sensing technique. Constr. Build. Mater., 24:1746-1753.
  33. Balamonica, K., et al. 2019. Piezoelectric sensor-based damage progression in concrete through serial/parallel multi-sensing technique. Struct. Heal. Monit., 1-18. DOI: 10.1177/1475921719845153.
  34. Kim, H., et al. 2019. Performance assessment method for crack repair in concrete using PZT-based electromechanical impedance technique. NDT E Int., 104:90-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.04. 004.
  35. Kumar, K., M. Anupam and R. Rama. 2022. Health monitoring of bacterial concrete structure under dynamic loading using electro-mechanical impedance technique: A numerical approach. Env. Sci. Poll. Res., 1-20. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-219 49-6.
  36. IS 383. 2016. Coarse and fine aggregate for concrete- Specification. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
  37. IS 8112. 2013. Specification for 43 grade ordinary Portland cement CED 2: Cement and Concrete. Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
  38. IS 4031. 2005. Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement. Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
  39. IS 456. 2000. Plain and reinforced concrete- Code of practice. Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
  40. IS 10262. 2009. Guidelines for concrete mix design proportioning. Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.