Estimation of Heavy Metals and Fluoride Ion in Vegetables Grown Nearby the Stretch of River Yamuna, Delhi (NCR), India

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IJEP 43(1): 64-73 : Vol. 43 Issue. 1 (January 2023)

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Sadre Alam1, Laxmi Kant Bhardwaj2*, Rwitabrata Mallick1 and Swapnil Rai1

1. Amity University, Department of Environmental Science, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh – 474 005, India
2. Amity University, Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management (AIETSM), Noida, Uttar Pradesh – 201303, India

Abstract

Heavy metals are very hazardous to humans and the environment. They are non-biodegradable and can enter humans through contaminated water and food. After entering, they are deposited in fat tissues, bones and can cause multi-organ failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of Pb, Cu, Cd, Hg, Cr, As and F- in the vegetables which were grown near the stretch of Yamuna river, Delhi (NCR). A total of 32 vegetable samples were collected from Mayur Vihar, near Kalindi Kunj and near thermal power plant in three different seasons (2017-2019). In the monsoon season, the highest concentration of Pb, Cu, Cd and Cr were found to be 18.05 ppm in spinach, 32.60 ppm in ladyfinger, 2.59 ppm in radish, 6.60 ppm in ladyfinger. In the summer seasons, Pb, Cu, Cd and Cr were found to be 1.58 ppm in spinach and radish, 2.65 ppm in radish, 0.32 ppm in radish, 0.25 ppm in methi. In the winter seasons, Pb, Cu and Cr were found to be 17.08 ppm in radish, 2.84 ppm in beet, 4.39 ppm in spinach. The highest concentration of fluoride ion (F-) was found to be 4.35 ppm in radish. Hg and As were found below detection limit (BDL) in all different vegetable samples in all seasons. This study concludes that all three sites were found to be contaminated with heavy metals.

Keywords

Heavy metals, Fluoride, Vegetables, Pollution, Yamuna river

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